Notes to Chapter Three

1. For the information in this section I am indebted to Andre Hellegers, "Fetal Development," Theological Studies 31 (1970): 3-9; C.R. Austin, "The Egg and Fertilization," Science Journal 6 (1970):37-42; E.C. Amoroso, "Development of the Early Embryo," Science Journal 6 (1970): 59-64; Bart T. Heffernan, "The Early Biography of Everyman," and Albert W. Liley, "The Foetus in Control of His Environment," in Hilgers and Horan, eds., Abortion and Social Justice (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1972), pp. 3-36.

2. California Medicine 113, no.3 (1970), reprinted in The Human Life Review 1, no.1 (1975): 103-4.

3. R. Houwink, Data: Mirrors of Science (1970), pp. 104-90, cited by Heffernan, "Early Biography of Everyman," p.4.

4. The active nature of the unborn child is detailed in Liley, "Fetus in Control." pp. 27-36.

5. This Latin term is used in medicine to refer to the unborn child from approximately eight weeks until birth. Since it has tended to depersonalize the unborn in the abortion debate, many prefer to use the terminology "unborn child," which more accurately communicates the real genetic and physiological continuity of prenatal and postnatal human life.

6. Cited by Heffernan, "Early Biography of Everyman," p.15.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid., p.17.

9. Arnold Gesell, The Embryology of Behavior (1945), cited by Heffernan, "Early Biography of Everyman," pp. 17, 18.

10. H.M. Liley, Modern Motherhood (1969), cited by Heffernan, "Early Biography of Everyman," p.18.

11. Much of the information in this section is drawn from David N. Danforth, ed., Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology (New York: Harper and Rowe, 1971); Jack Pritchard and Paul McDonald, Williams' Obstetrics (New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1976); C. Everett Koop, The Right to Live: the Right to Die (Wheaton, Ill.:Tyndale House, 1976); J.C. Willke, Handbook on Abortion (Cincinnati: Hayes, 1975).

12. J.A. Stallworthy et al., "Legal Abortion: A Critical Assessment of Its Risks," Lancet, December 4, 1976, p. 1245.

13. Peter J. Moberg, "Uterine Perforation in Connection with Vacuum Aspiration for Legal Abortion," International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 14 (1976):77.

14. Pritchard and McDonald, Williams' Obstetrics, p. 500.

15. Ibid., p. 504.

16. Danforth, Obstetrics and Gynecology, p. 354.

17. Pritchard and McDonald, Williams' Obstetrics, p. 505.

18. Ibid., p. 503.

19. M.I Ragab, D.A. Edelman, "Early Termination of Pregnancy: A Comparative Study of Intrauterine Prostaglandin F2a and Vacuum Aspiration," Prostaglandins 2, no. 2 (1976): 275-83.

20. Pritchard and McDonald, Williams' Obstetrics, p. 505.

21. Stallworthy et al., "Legal Abortion: Its Risks," p. 1245.

22. Fred E. Mecklenberg, "Indications for Induced Abortion," in Hilgers and Horan, Abortion and Social Justice, p.39.

23. Lawrence C. Kolb, Noyes' Modern Clinical Psychiatry (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1968), p. 447.

24. R. Bruce Sloane, "The Unwanted Pregnancy," New England Journal of Medicine 280, no. 22 (1969): 1207.

25. Ibid. The study cited is K. Hook, "Refused Abortion," Acta Psychiat.Scandinav. 39 (Supp. 168): 1-156, 1963.

26. Mecklenberg, "Indications for Induced Abortion," p. 40.

27. N.M. Cogan, "A Medical Social Worker Looks at the New Abortion Law," British Medical Journal 2, (1968): 235.

28. E.W. Page, C.A. Villee and D.B. Villee, Human Reproduction (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1976), p. 394.

29. Robert E. Nesbitt, Jr., "Coincidental Medical Disorders Complicating Pregnancy," in Danforth, Obstetrics and Gynecology, p. 435.

30. Page, Villee and Villee, Human Reproduction, p. 396.

31. Ibid., pp. 396, 399.

32. Ibid., p. 394.

33. R. Illsley and M.H. Hall, "Psychosocial Aspects of Abortion," Bulletin of the World Health Organization 53, no. 1 (1976): 89.

34. See Thomas W. Hilgers and Dennis O'Hare in New Perspectives on Human Abortion (Frederick, Md.: University Publications, 1981), pp. 69-91. Willard Cates, Jr. et al., "Legal Abortion Mortality in the United States," Journal of the American Medical Association 237, no. 5 (1977): 452-55, argues that induced abortion in the first trimester is almost nine times safer than childbirth. While Cates and his coworkers have attempted a comprehensive data search, he admits that "we cannot be certain that all deaths related to legal abortion have been reported" (p.452). This leaves open the possibility that the actual maternal death rate from abortion is significantly higher than concluded in the study.

35. Stallworthy et al., "Legal Abortion: Its Risks," p.1245.

36. Stafanos N. Pantelakis et al., "Influence of Induced and Spontaneous Abortions on the Outcome of Subsequent Pregnancies," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 116, no. 6 (1973): 799.

37. D. Trichopoulos et al., "Induced Abortion and Secondary Infertility," British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 83 (1976): 645.

38. S. Harlap and A.M. Davies, "Late Sequelae of Induced Abortions: Complications and Outcome of Pregnancy and Labor," American Journal of Epidemiology 102, no. 3 (1975): 217.

39. J. Jurukovski and L. Sukarov, "A Critical Review of Legal Abortion," International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 9, no. 3 (1971): 115.

40. Ibid.

41. Alfred Kotasek, "Artificicial Termination of Pregnancy in Czechoslovakia," International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 9, no. 3 (1971): 119.

42. B. Beric et al., "Accidents and Sequaelae of Medical Abortions," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 116, no. 6 (1973): 813-21.

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